.A New Way to Make Light?
I have been writing posts for some time about developments in LED (Light emitting Diode) and other forms of energy efficient lighting. While
LEDs hold great promise, there are IMHO some fundamental technical limitations in the current technology.
Current
LEDs are (1) not capable of matching halogen lamps in really high light output, (2) have poor colour stability, (3) produce too much heat, (4) are expensive to produce because of the need of special heat sinks, (5) are unstable in light output - again mainly because of heat and the colour dyes added, and (6) are as yet relatively inefficient.
All that may be about to change because of a recent discovery in the core science of light production at a molecular level.
Following is a very interesting article outlining this new science. It is reproduced in full with written permission from the on-line journal of the University of Rochester.
May 10, 2009
New Nanocrystals Show Potential for Cheap Lasers, New LightingFor more than a decade, scientists have been frustrated in their attempts to create continuously emitting light sources from individual molecules because of an optical quirk called "blinking," but now scientists at the University of Rochester have uncovered the basic physics behind the phenomenon, and along with researchers at the Eastman Kodak Company, created a
nanocrystal that constantly emits light.
The findings, detailed online in today's issue of Nature, may open the door to dramatically less expensive and more versatile lasers, brighter LED lighting, and biological markers that track how a drug interact with a cell at a level never before possible.
Many molecules, as well as crystals just a billionth of a meter in size, can absorb or radiate photons. But they also experience random periods when they absorb a photon, but instead of the photon radiating away, its energy is transformed into heat. These "dark" periods alternate with periods when the molecule can radiate normally, leading to the appearance of them turning on and off, or blinking.
Heat v/s Light"A
nanocrystal that has just absorbed the energy from a photon has two choices to rid itself of the excess energy—emission of light or of heat," says Todd
Krauss, associate professor of chemistry at the University of Rochester and lead author on the study. "If the
nanocrystal emits that energy as heat, you've essentially lost that energy."
Krauss worked with engineers at Kodak and researchers at the Naval Research Laboratory and Cornell University to discover the new, non-blinking
nanocrystals.
Krauss, an expert in
nanocrystals, and Keith
Kahen, senior principal scientist of Kodak and an expert in optoelectronic materials and devices, were exploring new types of low-cost lighting similar to organic light-emitting diodes, but which might not suffer from the short lifespans and manufacturing challenges inherent in these diodes.
Kahen, with help from Megan Hahn, a postdoctoral fellow in
Krauss' laboratory, synthesized
nanocrystals of various compositions.
Xiaoyong Wang, another postdoctoral fellow in
Krauss laboratory, inspected one of these new
nanocrystals and saw no evidence of the expected blinking phenomenon. Remarkably, even after four hours of monitoring, the new
nanocrystal showed no sign of a single blink—unheard of when blinks usually happen on a scale of
miliseconds to minutes.
After a lengthy investigation,
Krauss and Alexander
Efros from the Naval Research Laboratory concluded that the reason the blinking didn't occur was due to the unusual structure of the
nanocrystal. Normally,
nanocrystals have a core of one semiconductor material wrapped in a protective shell of another, with a sharp boundary dividing the two. The new
nanocrystal, however, has a continuous gradient from a core of cadmium and selenium to a shell of zinc and selenium. That gradient squelches the processes that prevent photons from radiating, and the result is a stream of emitted photons as steady as the stream of absorbed photons.
Incredibly Cheap LEDs and Lasers?With blink-free
nanocrystals,
Krauss believes lasers and lighting could be incredibly cheap and easy to fabricate. Currently, different color laser light is created using different materials and processes, but with the new
nanocrystals a single fabrication process can create any color laser. To alter the light color, an engineer needs only to alter the size of the
nanocrystal, which
Krauss says is a relatively simple task.
The same is true of what could one day be
OLED's successor, says
Krauss. Essentially, "painting" a grid of differently sized
nanocrystals onto a flat surface could create computer displays as thin as paper, or a wall that lights a room in any desired color.
This research was funded by the Eastman Kodak Company, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, the University of Rochester Center for Electronic Imaging Systems, the Cornell Center for
Nanoscale Systems, the Office of Naval Research, and the Alexander
von Humboldt Foundation.
CONTACT: Jonathan Sherwood
EMail: jonathan.sherwood@rochester.edu
585.273.4726
www.rochester.edu.
A Hydro-Storage Dam in Wales 
